This book has been specifically designed to accomplish two things... #1.
To teach the student to READ music. Reading 'crutches' have been eliminated as much as possible. Fingering and counting indications have been kept at what I consider a sensible minimum.
#2.
For the gradual development of dexterity in BOTH hands. This is the physical part of learning to play the guitar and as such cannot be rushed. Practice all material slowly enough to maintain an even tempo. Do not skip or 'slight' anything, and also do not attempt to 'completely perfect' any one lesson before going on. Playing technique is an accumulative process and you will find each time you review material already studied it will seem easier to play. (Slow, steady practice and constant review will eventually lead to speed and accuracy.)
I should like to mention at this point that all music presented for study on these pages is original and has been created especially for the guitar. EACH composition has been designed to advance the student's musical knowledge and playing ability, and yet be as musical as possible. There is no studentteacher division in the duets. Both guitar parts are written to be studied by the pupil and almost all parts will musically stand alone. I have not included any 'old favorites' as guitar arrangements of these songs are available in many existing publications. (Also, you do not learn to R E A D music by playing melodies that are familiar to you.) I have not tried to make this book into a music dictionary by cramming it with pages filled with nothing but musical terms and markings as it is considerably more important to give the student as much music to play as possible. (The most common and necessary terms and markings are, of course, used and explained... If further information is desired, some very excellent music dictionaries in soft cover editions can be obtained at a small cost.) I do feel, however, that with this method, (as with all others) you must search out additional material to practice as your ultimate ability depends entirely on how much reading and playing you do. So good luck, and have fun. ...
y)
Continued on next page
TIME SIGNATURES: Next to the clef sign (at the beginning of a composition) are found two numbers (like a fraction) or a symbol which represents these numbers. The top number tells how many beats (or counts) in a measure, and the bottom number indicates what kind of note gets one beat.
'READ' the notes, NOT the fingering, as these numbers will eventually be omitted. . . .
. . . . . . . . . Starting on C one OCTAVE higher than C found on the 5th string, we complete the UPPER REGISTER of the 1st position
Note And Chord Review (Regular review of all material is a must!)
'LEDGER' lines are added below or above the staff for notes too low or too high to appear on the staff. . . . . .
Rhythm Accompaniment BASS NOTES AND CHORDS All chord symbols (names) appearing as only a letter are assumed to be MAJORchords. A letter followed by the numeral '7' represents DOMINANT 7th chords. A letter followed by a small 'm' are MINOR
(Do not skip or 'slight' any lesson material)
(Review of all material is a must)
( EIGHTH NOTES. . . counting and picking )
First Solo Solo arrangement. . . with melody AND accompaniment. BE SURE TO HOLD ALL NOTES FOR THEIR FULL TIME VALUES
There are two ways to pick consecutive sets of Triplets. Practice the entire exercise thoroughly, using first the picking marked TYPE 1. . . then practice using TYPE 2. .
REVIEW ALL MATERIAL
(Relative to C Major) The sixth 'degree' or note of any major scale is the 'tonic' or 1st note, of its 'RELATIVE MINOR KEY'. The major and relative minor key signatures are the same. There are 3 different scales in each minor key. . . A - N A T U R A L MINOR (All notes exactly the same as its relative, C M a j o r )
- We now begin to observe that many chords have more than one fingering. The choice of which one to use generally depends upon the chord fingerings that immediately preceed and/or follow. In the' following exercise use the large diagrams OR the smaller optional fingerings in sequence - DO NOT MIX THEM. . . .
Smooth, melodic rhythm accompaniment depends on the number of chord forms mastered.
(1st pos. F and G scales contain two octaves - play all patterns in BOTH octaves)
Be sure to observe the tempo changes. Also, vary the 'DYNAMICS' (degrees of volume, loud and soft) to make the music more interesting to listen to.
REVIEW ALL MATERIAL
Of course having only eleven chord forms at your command will cause you to move up and down the fingerboard much more than is desirable for good rhythm playing. . The more forms you know - the less distance you have to travel, and the more melodic your rhythm playing can become. . .
POSITION IS DETERMINED BY THE FRET ON WHICH THE FIRST FINGER PLAYS AND THIS IS INDICATED BY A ROMAN NUMERAL. A POSITION ON THE FINGERBOARD (STRICTLY SPEAKING) OCCUPIES FOUR ADJACENT FRETS. SOME SCALES HAVE ONE OR MORE NOTES THAT FALL OUTSIDE THIS FOUR FRET AREA AND THESE NOTES ARE TO BE PLAYED BY REACHING OUT WITH THE 1st OR 4th FINGER WITHOUT SHIFTING THE ENTIRE HAND. . i. e. FINGER STRETCH OR F. S. . . WHEN THE OUT OF POSITION NOTE IS A SCALE TONE THE F. S. IS DETERMINED BY THE FINGERING TYPE. . (FINGERING TYPE I = 1st FINGER STRETCH, TYPE IV = 4th F. S. ) WHEN THE OUT OF POSITION NOTE IS NOT A SCALE TONE AND MOVING UPWARD USE F. S. 1, AND MOVING DOWNWARD F. S. 4. . . REGARDLESS OF FINGERING TYPE. ..... (ALL SCALE FINGERINGS INTRODUCED FROM THIS POINT ON WILL NOT USE ANY OPEN STRINGS, AND THEREFORE THEY A R E MOVABLE, IN THE SAME MANNER AS THE CHORD FORMS PRESENTED EARLIER. . SEE P. 45)
(Remember - All natural notes on the guitar are 2 frets apart, except E to F and B to C)
DO NOT PRACTICE these two pages. . .just READ them, but not more than twice
thru-during any single practice session. . . Do not play them on two consecutive days. . . Do not go back over any particular section because of a wrong note . . . DO KEEP AN EVEN TEMPO and play the proper time values ... By obeying these rules the 'Reading Studies' will never be memorized ... A little later on it is recommended that you use this procedure with a variety of material as this is the only way for a guitarist to achieve and maintain any proficiency in reading.
(Even when working steady we are not reading every day - so 'scare yourself in the privacy of your practice sessions' . . . .
(If unusual difficulty is encountered reading these pages - go back to Page 60 and start again. )
(RHYTHM ACCOMPANIMENT, PART TWO) The most difficult part of learning to play chords on the guitar is that of getting the fingers to fall instantly, and without conscious effort, in the proper arrangement on the fingerboard. This is mainly a physical problem and a certain amount of practice time seems to be the only solution.
However, I have found that by presenting new chord forms to a student in a certain order (a sequence of related fingerings) it seems to lessen the time normally required for him to perform them.
Therefore, the following chord forms are presented in a particular order. We will use three of the previously learned fingerings as basic forms. .... We will alter these forms by moving, or removing one or more fingers. .... In this way each new fingering is directly related to the one(s) preceding it. ....
So. .. each of the basic forms and each derivative is a preparation for another new chord form. No specific letter names are given-only the chord type and the string on which the root is found. ***Memorize the fingering for all chord structures in the order of their appearance ..... Do not skip around. Do not change the fingering of any form, even if you already play it but in a different way. It will appear later on with 'your' fingering, .but related to a new set of forms. Practice all chord forms chromatically up and down the fingerboard observing root (chord) names.
The dot in parenthesis (•) means that altho-the note belongs to the chord it need not sound. .... and in many cases sounds better without it.
These chord exercises are very important and should be reviewed regularly as they serve many purposes, such as physical development of the left hand. . fingering relationship between chord structures, and eventual 'chord picture' recognition. . . . . .
(Regular review is a must!)
Do not 'practice' these Reading Studies, do not play on two consecutive days. (See top Page 64).
(F.S. - Stretch the finger - Don't move the entire hand)
(For additional technique building patterns, see Page 4 6 ) .
(When 2 consecutive notes on adjacent stgs. require the same finger - roll fingertip - don't lift. )
Speed not corning? Left hand accuracy not consistant? . . . Play any scale very slowly. . .watch your left hand. . .force your fingers to remain poised over the fingerboard always in readiness. . .don't let them move too f a r away from the strings when not in use-concentrate on this. . .
..... The 1st guitar part of this duet is often played using the 'muffled effect.' This sound is produced by laying the right hand lightly along the top of the bridge. All strings being played must be kept covered. As this somewhat inhibits picking, the part should first be thoroughly practiced without the muffled effect (or 'open').
When moving from chord to chord the best fingering is usually the one tnat involves the least motion in the left hand. . . Leaving one finger free for possible melodic additions is also an important factor.
The sus. 4 refers to the 4th scale degree of the chord so named. . . The note name (for the 4th) is also used. .i.e. G7susC. Sus 4 may also be called (natural) 11th. The root is on the same string as the sus 4 form. For example in the above exercise you may substitute symbols 'G11' and 'A11' for sus 4.
Be sure to COUNT the rhythm until you can 'feel' the phrase.
Eventually you
will be able to recognize (and 'feel') entire groups of syncopated notes. In the beginning you should pick DOWN for notes falling on the beat, and UP for those counted 'and'. This is a definite aid in learning to read these 'off beat' rhythms. Later on (when syncopation is no longer a problem) you will vary your picking for
the purpose of phrasing and accents.
Reading music is a combination of instant note (and finger) recognition and that of playing the 'sound' that you 'see' on the music. . . (along with the relative time durations of the notes of course). . .Now try this--play the tonic chord of these Reading Studies (to get your 'ear' in the proper key). . .then try to sing the music to yourself as you play it. . . If your fingers have been over the fingering type enough times they will automatically play whatever notes (sound patterns) you mentally 'hear' on the page. . . This will take a great deal of time to master. . .but keep after it--it's worth it. . .
(For additional technique building patterns, see Page 46)
(For additional technique building patterns see Page 46)
(Transpose and write out all rhythm exercises one or more keys higher and p r a c t i c e )
(The third major 6th form shown here is, by far, the most valuable — as it does not use the first string, and therefore has a better rhythm sound. )
All forms presented in this book that employ the 6th string (and therefore sound in part in the real bass register) have the root (first) or fifth chordal degrees sounding on the bottom. These are the 'strongest' chord tones and ALWAYS SOUND RIGHT. You have probably seen some of these same forms elsewhere with different chord names indicated. Theoretically these other names are also correct: however, the bass notes are 'weak' chordal degrees and require special handling. This will be discussed thoroughly in a later section.. .until then be careful of any forms that use the 6th string and do not have the root or fifth in the bass as they DO NOT always sound right. In an orchestral rhythm part the chord symbols used generally indicate the total or complete harmonic structures and it is not expected (nor is it possible) that you play all degrees at all times. Of course you should try to play as close as possible to the written sequences, but actually simplification by OMITTING some of the chordal degrees is the 'norm'. (It is best, for now, to omit the higher degrees.)
Be very careful of substitutions as they must be COMPLETELY compatible with the chord(s) indicated. (More about this later...)
Now, in addition to the five major keys in the second position, you should be somewhat familiar with the most used major scales in positions one, three and four. You will have to do a great deal of reading in these areas, however, to really know them. I cannot over-emphasize the importance of learning the four major scale fingering types well as they are the foundation for other kinds of scales. We will gradually add more (major) fingering patterns (until, ultimately, we have twelve; one for each key in each position).. .while at the same time we learn how to CONVERT PREVIOUSLY PRACTICED major forms into Jazz Minor, Harmonic Minor, etc.— Our next project (Modern Method for Guitar, Part II) will be to learn the notes on the entire fingerboard by using all fingering types IN THE SAME KEY. This will require moving from position to position as we go through the patterns. The sequence of patterns (fingering types) will vary, depending upon the key signature. You will have a definite advantage in learning the fingerboard in this manner, as your 'fingers know the patterns' and you can concentrate on the notes.
Remember: learning to play the guitar is an accumulative process— therefore regular, complete review is absolutely necessary for the gradual improvement and perfection of the techniques...
ARPEGGIO STUDIES Key ' ' ' 11
of C major . ' F ' . ' G ' . ' D ' . ' A ' .
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81 . 71 . 81 . 91 . 101
CHORD ETUDES 01, #2, #3, 14, #5 . . . . . . . . . . 62, 72, 87, 93. 101
CHORD FORMS
(RHYTHM ACCOMPANIMENT)
Introduction to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Baas notes and chords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chord diagrams (open position) . . . . . . . . 24, 30, 35, 39, 43 Principle of movable forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Movable forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 50, 56, 58
Movable forms (rhy. ace. pt. II) Basic and derivative fingerings . . . . 67, 68, 72, 77, 83, 91, 97 105, 107, 110, 116, 121 Right hand technique for rhy. ace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Basic latin beat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 FUNDAMENTALS Primary information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 12 Sharps and flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 100, 113 Eighth notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Rests, tied notes, dotted notes . . . . . . . Sixteenth notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The triplet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dotted eighth and sixteenth . . . . . . . . . Quarter note triplets . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muffled effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Staccato, legato . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 21 . 31 . 37 42 . . Ill . 83 86 . . 93
R E A D I N G STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 , 7 4 , 8 4 , 9 4 , 1 0 2 Optional duets with rhythm guitar Melodic rhythm study #1 (syncopation) . . . 2nd position review . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd position review . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st position review . . . . . . . . . . . . 4th position review . . . . . . . . . . . .
RHYTHM ACCOMPANIMENT (SEE CHORD FORMS)
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. . . 92 . . . 108 . . . 114 . . 118 . . 122